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NEW QUESTION # 69
Calculate the measurement error SD for the following estimates done using three point estimation technique:
Most optimistic effort (a) -120 person days
Most likely effort (m) -180 person days
Most pessimistic effort (b) - 240 person days

• A. 0
• B. 1
• C. 2
• D. 3

Answer: D

Explanation:
A test-first approach involves writing tests before writing the code. In this approach, initially, the tests fail because the corresponding functionality is not yet implemented. Afterward, the code is written or modified to make the tests pass. This cycle is repeated iteratively. This method ensures that the code is developed based on predefined tests and helps in identifying issues early in the development process.

NEW QUESTION # 70
You are working on creating test cases for a user story -
As a customer, I want to be able to book an ISTQB exam for a particular date, so that I can find choose my time slot and pay the correct amount, including discounts, if any.
The acceptance criteria for this :
1.The dates shown should be from the current date to 2 years in future
2.Initially there should be 10 timeslots available for each day, 1 hour each, starting at 8 AM GMT
3.Maximum 5 persons should be able to select a time slot after which that time slot should become unavailable
4.First timeslot should have a 10% discount.
Which of the following is the BEST example of a test case for this user story?

• A. Logon to the site. Book an exam for the current date. Expected result: timeslots should be shown.Change the time to any other date prior to the selected date. Expected result: New slot should become visible.
• B. Logon to the site. Expected result: Default 8 AM (GMT) timeslot should be selected. Change the time to any other timeslot. Expected result: New slot should be booked
• C. Logon to the site and book an exam for the 8 AM (GMT) timeslot. Expected result: You should get
  10% discounted price. Change the time to any other timeslot. Expected result: Discount should be removed
• D. Logon to the site. Book 5 exams for the current date. Expected result: Exams should be booked. Book
  6th timeslot for the same date. Expected result: The exam should be booked but no discount should be given.

Answer: C

Explanation:
The best example of a test case for this user story should cover the acceptance criteria comprehensively.
Option A addresses the critical aspects of the acceptance criteria:
* Verifying the discount for the first timeslot (8 AM GMT) - ensuring it provides a 10% discount.
* Verifying that changing the time slot removes the discount - ensuring the discount logic is correctly applied.
This test case effectively validates the functionality related to both the discount and the ability to change time slots, which are key parts of the user story's requirements.

NEW QUESTION # 71
Which of the following statements refers to good testing practice to be applied regardless of the chosen software development model?

• A. Involvement of testers in work product reviews should occur as early as possible to take advantage of the early testing principle
• B. Tests should be written in executable format before the code is written and should act as executable specifications that drive coding
• C. Test objectives should be the same for all test levels, although the number of tests designed at various levels can vary significantly
• D. Test levels should be defined such that the exit criteria of one level are part of the entry criteria for the next level

Answer: A

Explanation:
The statement that refers to good testing practice to be applied regardless of the chosen software development model is option D, which says that involvement of testers in work product reviews should occur as early as possible to take advantage of the early testing principle. Work product reviews are static testing techniques, in which the work products of the software development process, such as the requirements, the design, the code, the test cases, etc., are examined by one or more reviewers, with or without the author, to identify defects, violations, or improvements. Involvement of testers in work product reviews can provide various benefits for the testing process, such as improving the test quality, the test efficiency, and the test communication. The early testing principle states that testing activities should start as early as possible in the software development lifecycle, and should be performed iteratively and continuously throughout the lifecycle. Applying the early testing principle can help to prevent, detect, and remove defects at an early stage, when they are easier, cheaper, and faster to fix, as well as to reduce the risk, the cost, and the time of the testing process. The other options are not good testing practices to be applied regardless of the chosen software development model, but rather specific testing practices that may or may not be applicable or beneficial for testing, depending on the context and the objectives of the testing activities, such as:
Tests should be written in executable format before the code is written and should act as executable specifications that drive coding: This is a specific testing practice that is associated with test-driven development, which is an approach to software development and testing, in which the developers write automated unit tests before writing the source code, and then refactor the code until the tests pass. Test-driven development can help to improve the quality, the design, and the maintainability of the code, as well as to provide fast feedback and guidance for the developers. However, test-driven development is not a good testing practice to be applied regardless of the chosen software development model, as it may not be feasible, suitable, or effective for testing in some contexts or situations, such as when the requirements are unclear, unstable, or complex, when the test automation tools or skills are not available or adequate, when the testing objectives or levels are not aligned with the unit testing, etc.
Test levels should be defined such that the exit criteria of one level are part of the entry criteria for the next level: This is a specific testing practice that is associated with sequential software development models, such as the waterfall model, the V-model, or the W-model, in which the software development and testing activities are performed in a linear and sequential order, with well-defined phases, deliverables, and dependencies. Test levels are the stages of testing that correspond to the levels of integration of the software system, such as component testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Test levels should have clear and measurable entry criteria and exit criteria, which are the conditions that must be met before starting or finishing a test level. In sequential software development models, the exit criteria of one test level are usually part of the entry criteria for the next test level, to ensure that the software system is ready and stable for the next level of testing. However, this is not a good testing practice to be applied regardless of the chosen software development model, as it may not be relevant, flexible, or efficient for testing in some contexts or situations, such as when the software development and testing activities are performed in an iterative and incremental order, with frequent changes, feedback, and adaptations, as in agile software development models, such as Scrum, Kanban, or XP, when the test levels are not clearly defined or distinguished, or when the test levels are performed in parallel or concurrently, etc.
Test objectives should be the same for all test levels, although the number of tests designed at various levels can vary significantly: This is a specific testing practice that is associated with uniform software development models, such as the spiral model, the incremental model, or the prototyping model, in which the software development and testing activities are performed in a cyclical and repetitive manner, with similar phases, deliverables, and processes. Test objectives are the goals or the purposes of testing, which can vary depending on the test level, the test type, the test technique, the test environment, the test stakeholder, etc. Test objectives can be defined in terms of the test basis, the test coverage, the test quality, the test risk, the test cost, the test time, etc. Test objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound, and they should be aligned with the project objectives and the quality characteristics. In uniform software development models, the test objectives may be the same for all test levels, as the testing process is repeated for each cycle or iteration, with similar focus, scope, and perspective of testing. However, this is not a good testing practice to be applied regardless of the chosen software development model, as it may not be appropriate, realistic, or effective for testing in some contexts or situations, such as when the software development and testing activities are performed in a hierarchical and modular manner, with different phases, deliverables, and dependencies, as in sequential software development models, such as the waterfall model, the V-model, or the W-model, when the test objectives vary according to the test levels, such as component testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing, or when the test objectives change according to the feedback, the learning, or the adaptation of the testing process, as in agile software development models, such as Scrum, Kanban, or XP, etc. Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 sources and documents:
ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.1.1, Testing and the Software Development Lifecycle1 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.2.1, Testing Principles1 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.2.2, Testing Policies, Strategies, and Test Approaches1 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.3.1, Testing in Software Development Lifecycles1 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.1, Test Planning1 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.2, Test Monitoring and Control1 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.3, Test Analysis and Design1 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.4, Test Implementation1 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.5, Test Execution1 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.6, Test Closure1 ISTQB® Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Work Product Review, Static Testing, Early Testing, Test-driven Development, Test Level, Entry Criterion, Exit Criterion, Test Objective, Test Basis, Test Coverage, Test Quality, Test Risk, Test Cost, Test Time2

NEW QUESTION # 72
Consider the followinguser storyand itsacceptance criteria:
User Story:
As a member of the"Agnotoly"association, I want to be able topay the association's dues through an automatic payment methodso that I can forget about payment deadlines.
Acceptance Criteria:
* The member can only pay with'Agnesis Master' credit card.
* The member must register theircell phone number.
* The member must register thecredit cardin the payment system.
* The member must select apayment method (monthly or annual).
* The member mustaccept the terms and conditionsfor the selected method.
* If terms and conditions are accepted, the system sends anOTP(one-time password) to the member's phone for verification.
* The payment method isregistered only after OTP verification.
* Once the payment method is registered, the system will charge on the first business day of the following month.
Test Cycle Results:
* Members successfully paid dues using the credit card.
* Payments were processedmonthly and for over a year.
Which ONE of the following options identifies the acceptance criteria that has NOT been fully covered?

• A. Acceptance criteria 6 has not been fully covered during the above test cycle.
• B. Acceptance criteria 8 has not been fully covered during the above test cycle.
• C. Acceptance criteria 4 has not been fully covered during the above test cycle.
• D. All acceptance criteria have been fully covered during the above test cycle.

Answer: B

Explanation:
Acceptance criteria8states thatthe system should charge the user on the first business day of the following month. However, thetest cycle only verified monthly payments for over a year, without confirming whether payments were processedspecifically on the first business day.
* (B) is incorrectbecause the test validatedmonthly and annual payment options.
* (C) is incorrectbecause not all criteria were fully validated.
* (D) is incorrectbecause OTP verification (6) was tested as part of registration.
Ensuringtimely execution of payments(Criteria 8) requires additional validation.

NEW QUESTION # 73
Which ONE of the following options isNOTa benefit oftest automation?

• A. Eliminating completely the need for manual testing
• B. Prevention of simple human errors
• C. Reduced test execution times
• D. More objective assessment

Answer: A

Explanation:
Test automationimproves efficiency and accuracy, butit does NOT eliminate manual testing (D).
* (A) is correctbecause automationspeeds up execution.
* (B) is correctas automated tests produceconsistent and unbiased results.
* (C) is correctbecause automationreduces human errors in repetitive tests.
However,manual testing remains essential for exploratory testing, usability testing, and complex test scenarios.
Reference:ISTQB CTFL v4.0 Syllabus, Section 6.2 - Test Automation Benefits and Risks

NEW QUESTION # 74
If:
- EC = number of exercised conditional branches in a code
- EU = number of exercised unconditional branches in a code
- C = number of conditional branches in a code
- U = number of unconditional branches in a code
Which metric correctly defines the branch coverage?

• A. EC/C
• B. EC + EU
• C. EC/C + EU/U
• D. (EC+EU) / (C+U)

Answer: D

Explanation:
Branch coverage is defined as the ratio of exercised branches (both conditional and unconditional) to the total number of branches, expressed as (EC + EU) / (C + U).

NEW QUESTION # 75
During component testing of a program if 100% decision coverage is achieved, which of the following coverage criteria is also guaranteed to be 100%?

• A. 100% Statement coverage
• B. 100% Equivalence class coverage
• C. 100% Boundary value coverage
• D. 100% Stale transition coverage

Answer: A

Explanation:
Statement coverage is a structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of executable statements in the source code that are executed by a test suite1. Decision coverage is another structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of decision outcomes (such as branches or conditions) in the source code that are executed by a test suite1. Decision coverage is a stronger metric than statement coverage, because it requires that every possible outcome of each decision is tested, while statement coverage only requires that every statement is executed at least once2. Therefore, if a test suite achieves 100% decision coverage, it also implies that it achieves 100% statement coverage, because every statement in every branch or condition must have been executed. However, the converse is not true: 100% statement coverage does not guarantee 100% decision coverage, because some branches or conditions may have multiple outcomes that are not tested by the test suite2. For example, consider the following pseudocode:
if (x > 0) then print("Positive") else print("Non-positive") end if
A test suite that executes this code with x = 1 and x = -1 will achieve 100% statement coverage, because both print statements are executed. However, it will not achieve 100% decision coverage, because the condition x > 0 has only been tested with two outcomes: true and false. The third possible outcome, x = 0, has not been tested by the test suite. Therefore, the test suite may miss a potential bug or error in the condition or the branch.
The other options, such as stale transition coverage, equivalence class coverage, and boundary value coverage, are not guaranteed to be 100% by achieving 100% decision coverage. Stale transition coverage is a structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of transitions between states in a state machine that are executed by a test suite3. Equivalence class coverage is a functional coverage metric that measures the percentage of equivalence classes (or partitions) of input or output values that are tested by a test suite4. Boundary value coverage is another functional coverage metric that measures the percentage of boundary values (or extreme values) of input or output ranges that are tested by a test suite4. These metrics are independent of decision coverage, because they are based on different aspects of the system under test, such as its behavior, functionality, or specification. Therefore, achieving 100% decision coverage does not imply achieving 100% of any of these metrics, and vice versa. Reference = ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Test Coverage in Software Testing - Guru99, Structural Coverage Metrics - MATLAB & Simulink - MathWorks India, Test Design Coverage in Software Testing - GeeksforGeeks.

NEW QUESTION # 76
Which statement is correct about a criterion, "All smoke tests of the registering and logging features passed"?

• A. It is an example of an exit criterion, because all criteria related to test execution results are a type of exit criterion
• B. It is an example of an entry criterion, because all criteria related to test execution results are a type of entry criterion
• C. It is an example of an entry criterion, because smoke tests check the initial quality of a test object before the proper testing
• D. It is an example of an exit criterion, because the results of smoke tests are always obtained when the test level ends

Answer: C

Explanation:
Entry criteria define the conditions that must be satisfied before a testing activity can begin.
Smoke tests are often used to verify that the test object is stable enough for further testing.
Requiring all smoke tests for registration and login features to pass before proceeding with more extensive testing is therefore an example of an entry criterion.

NEW QUESTION # 77
Which role is responsible for ensuring the effective running of review meetings?

• A. Review leader
• B. Manager
• C. Facilitator
• D. Scribe

Answer: A

Explanation:
The review leader is responsible for planning, organizing, and ensuring the effective running of review meetings.

NEW QUESTION # 78
Consider a given test plan which, among others, contains the following three sections: "Test Scope", "Testing Communication", and "Stakeholders". The features of the test object to be tested and those excluded from the testing represent information that is:

• A. usually included in a test plan and, in the given test plan, it is more likely to be specified within
  "Stakeholders" rather than in the other two sections mentioned
• B. usually included in a test plan and, in the given test plan, it is more likely to be specified within "Testing Communication" rather than in the other two sections mentioned
• C. not usually included in a test plan, and therefore in the given test plan it should not be specified neither within the three sections mentioned, nor within the others
• D. usually included in a test plan and, in the given test plan, it is more likely to be specified within "Test Scope" rather than in the other two sections mentioned

Answer: D

Explanation:
Explanation
The features of the test object to be tested and those excluded from the testing represent information that is usually included in a test plan and, in the given test plan, it is more likely to be specified within "Test Scope" rather than in the other two sections mentioned. The test scope defines the boundaries and limitations of the testing activities, such as the test items, the features to be tested, the features not to be tested, the test objectives, the test environment, the test resources, the test assumptions, the test risks, etc. The test scope helps to establish a common understanding of what is included and excluded from the testing, and to avoid ambiguity, confusion, or misunderstanding among the stakeholders. The other two sections, "Testing Communication" and "Stakeholders", are also important parts of a test plan, but they do not directly address the features of the test object. The testing communication describes the methods, frequency, and responsibilities for the communication and reporting of the testing progress, status, issues, and results. The stakeholders identify the roles and responsibilities of the people involved in or affected by the testing activities, such as the test manager, the test team, the project manager, the developers, the customers, the users, etc. References: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 sources and documents:
ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.1.1, Test Planning1 ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Test Plan, Test Scope2

NEW QUESTION # 79
Which of the following statements about the shift-left approach is true?

• A. Shift-left in testing can be implemented only in Agile/DevOps frameworks, as it relies completely on automated testing activities performed within a continuous integration process
• B. Continuous integration supports shift-left in testing as it can reduce the time between the introduction of a defect and its detection, thereby reducing the cost to fix it
• C. Performance testing performed during component testing, is a form of shift-left in testing that avoids planning and executing costly end-to-end testing at the system test level in a production- like environment
• D. Shift-left in testing can be implemented in several ways to find functional defects early in the lifecycle, but it cannot be relied upon to find defects associated with non-functional characteristics

Answer: B

Explanation:
This answer is correct because shift-left in testing is an approach that aims to perform testing activities as early as possible in the software development lifecycle, in order to find and fix defects faster and cheaper, and to improve the quality of the software product. Continuous integration is a practice that supports shift-left in testing, as it involves integrating and testing the software components frequently, usually several times a day, using automated tools and processes.
Continuous integration can reduce the time between the introduction of a defect and its detection, thereby reducing the cost to fix it and the risk of accumulating defects that could affect the functionality or performance of the software product.

NEW QUESTION # 80
A tester created a decision table(DT) given below. While reviewing the DT some of the actions for the given conditions were found to be incorrect. The user is trying to view the profile, which of the given conditions has CORRECT action(s) listed?

• A. C4
• B. C3
• C. C1
• D. C2

Answer: D

Explanation:
The decision table provides conditions and corresponding actions.
For C2:
The user is logged in (Yes).
The user is not authorized to view the profile (No).
The correct action should be not to display the profile (No) and to display an error message (Yes).
This matches the actions listed for C2, making it the correct condition with the proper actions .

NEW QUESTION # 81
The whole-team approach:

• A. promotes the idea that all team members should be responsible for the quality of the product
• B. is a consensus-based approach that engages the whole team in estimating the user stories
• C. promotes the idea that all team members should have a thorough understanding of test techniques
• D. is mostly adopted in projects aimed at developing safety-critical systems, as it ensures the highest level of testing independence

Answer: A

Explanation:
This answer is correct because the whole-team approach is a way of working in agile projects where all team members share the responsibility for the quality of the product, and collaborate on delivering value to the customer. The whole-team approach involves testers, developers, business analysts, product owners, and other stakeholders in planning, designing, developing, testing, and delivering the product. The whole-team approach fosters communication, feedback, learning, and continuous improvement within the team. References: ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, ISTQB Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section
3.1.1.1

NEW QUESTION # 82
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

• A. Testing the software under test (SUT) using knowledge of the tester is experience based testing whereas testing the specification based behaviour without pre-written test cases is using black-box testing techniques.
• B. Testing the software under test (SUT) is possible only after implementation in white-box testing whereas testing the software even before implementation is possible in exploratory testing.
• C. Testing based on the structure of the software under test (SUT) is white-box testing whereas testing the input-output behaviour without pre-written test cases is experience based testing.
• D. Testing the software under test (SUT) based on the design is black-box testing whereas testing the input-output behaviour is experience based testing.

Answer: C

Explanation:
White-box testing involves testing the internal structures or workings of an application, as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end user. Experience-based testing, such as exploratory testing, involves testers using their knowledge, experience, and intuition to test the system without predefined test cases, often focusing on the input-output behavior of the system.

NEW QUESTION # 83
A calculator software is used to calculate the result for 5+6.
The user noticed that the result given is 6.
This is an example of;

• A. Error
• B. Mistake
• C. Fault
• D. Failure

Answer: D

Explanation:
According to the ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms, Version 4.0, 2018, page 18, a failure is "an event in which a component or system does not perform a required function within specified limits". In this case, the calculator software does not perform the required function of calculating the correct result for 5+6 within the specified limits of accuracy and precision. Therefore, this is an example of a failure.
The other options are incorrect because:
* A mistake is "a human action that produces an incorrect result" (page 25). A mistake is not an event, but an action, and it may or may not lead to a failure. For example, a mistake could be a typo in the code, a wrong assumption in the design, or a misunderstanding of the requirement.
* A fault is "a defect in a component or system that can cause the component or system to fail to perform its required function" (page 16). A fault is not an event, but a defect, and it may or may not cause a failure. For example, a fault could be a logical error in the code, a missing specification in the design, or a contradiction in the requirement.
* An error is "the difference between a computed, observed, or measured value or condition and the true, specified, or theoretically correct value or condition" (page 15). An error is not an event, but a difference, and it may or may not result in a failure. For example, an error could be a rounding error in the calculation, a measurement error in the observation, or a deviation error in the condition.
References = ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms, Version 4.0, 2018, pages 15-18, 25; ISTQB CTFL 4.0 - Sample Exam - Answers, Version 1.1, 2023, Question 96, page 34.

NEW QUESTION # 84
Can "cost" be regarded as Exit criteria?

• A. No. The financial value of product quality cannot be estimated, so it is incorrect to use cost as an exit criterion
• B. Yes. Spending too much money on test ng will result in an unprofitable product, and having cost as an exit criterion helps avoid this
• C. Yes. Going by cost as an exit criterion constrains the testing project which will hello achieve the desired quality level defined for the project
• D. No The cost of testing cannot be measured effectively, so it is incorrect to use cost as an exit criterion

Answer: B

Explanation:
Cost can be regarded as an exit criterion for testing, because it is a factor that affects the profitability and feasibility of the software product. Testing is an investment that aims to improve the quality and reliability of the software product, but it also consumes resources, such as time, money, and human effort. Therefore, testing should be planned and executed in a way that balances the cost and benefit of testing activities. Having cost as an exit criterion helps to avoid spending too much money on testing, which may result in an unprofitable product or a loss of competitive advantage. Cost can also help to prioritize and focus the testing efforts on the most critical and valuable features and functions of the software product. However, cost should not be the only exit criterion for testing, as it may not reflect the true quality and risk level of the software product. Other exit criteria, such as defect rate, test coverage, user satisfaction, etc., should also be considered and defined in the test plan.
The other options are incorrect, because they either deny the importance of cost as an exit criterion, or they make false or unrealistic assumptions about the cost of testing. Option B is incorrect, because the financial value of product quality can be estimated, for example, by using cost-benefit analysis, return on investment, or cost of quality models. Option C is incorrect, because going by cost as an exit criterion does not necessarily constrain the testing project or help achieve the desired quality level. Cost is a relative and variable factor that depends on the scope, complexity, and context of the software product and the testing project. Option D is incorrect, because the cost of testing can be measured effectively, for example, by using metrics, such as test effort, test resources, test tools, test environment, etc.

NEW QUESTION # 85
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